Publications

Commercial AI is entering hostile operations and military development. Europe needs a joint programme securing the entire AI value chain, from critical materials to tested military applications.

Industrial contraction and mounting security threats demand a common response: a targeted conversion programme linking joint defence orders, designs suited to commercial manufacturing and paid retraining.

Europe's answer to physical hybrid attack should be deterrence by dismantlement: pooling protective capabilities and disrupting the networks that enable sabotage, so each investigation leaves an adversary fewer means to repeat it.

The Russian Orthodox Church acts not only as a disinformation channel but as a recruitment platform in the Kremlin's hybrid warfare, with effective hybrid operations in the Sahel.

Data governance, not only artificial intelligence, determines resilience to hybrid warfare. Data spaces offer a trusted model for interoperable sharing between allies.

Dual-use technologies enable hybrid aggressors while also strengthening allied interoperability and resilience against hybrid threats.

Climate change can aggravate ongoing hybrid conflicts and raise the risk of new ones by accelerating doctrinal and technological change.

Competing definitions have left hybrid warfare in a conceptual gray-zone. The article offers a more precise framework for its analysis.

Artificial intelligence gives hybrid warfare strategic-level implications, requiring stronger military-civilian innovation partnerships.

Hybrid warfare remains a practical framework for analysing Russia's war against Ukraine and for informing Western defence policy.

China has its own signature and traditions in waging hybrid warfare rather than merely copying Russian tactics.

An introduction to NATO cyber defence policy and the concept of resilience, and how both support defence against evolving hybrid threats.